Joachim Buse, Lufthansa airline’s head of aviation biofuel, last week said at an industry event in Washington, D.C. that biofuels could be the industry’s standard fuel in five to seven years.

According to Air Transport World, the airline executive said his company’s burnFAIR project has shown that biofuels are a feasible proposition for commercial flights from a technological point of view. What needs to be done now is to make sure there is enough production and from sustainable feedstocks. He told ATW that “from now on, it’s purely a commercial issue.”

One day before Joachim’s talk, a flight between Frankfurt and Washington using a Boeing 747 400 carried 40 tons of a biosynthetic fuel mix. Between mid-July and late December, Lufthansa had four daily roundtrip flights between Hamburg and Frankfurt as part of burnFAIR.

Joachim said that in order for biofuels to become a routine within the aviation industry, government assistance and commercial practices will be necessary. burnFAIR cost Lufthansa €6.6 million ($8.4 million). Out of the total, €2.5 million were covered with subsidies from the German government.

The use of biofuels by airlines is likely to revive the ‘food versus fuel’ debate. What do you think? Are biofuels a green solution for airlines, who account for an estimated two percent of the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions?

Article by Antonio Pasolini, a Brazilian writer and video art curator based in London, UK. He holds a BA in journalism and an MA in film and television.

Related posts:

• Australian Firm to Provide Jatropha Biofuel to Lufthansa for Testing
• Lufthansa Will Offer a Local Biofuel Powered Flight in 2011
• Qantas to Produce the World’s Second Commercial Biofuel Plant
• Scaling Biofuels for Aviation ‘Not so difficult,’ Branson Says
• Greener Aviation Industry Deemed Feasible for Australia and Region

The Solar Impulse project is currently writing the history pages of tomorrow with its social innovation commitment to fly day and night without fuel, powered only by solar energy. It has taken seven years of research, simulation, construction and tests to achieve the first solar twenty-four hour flight in history, one that demonstrates progress is possible by using clean energy. In July 2010, the HB-SIA became the first solar-powered airplane in history capable of flying through a complete daylight cycle, establishing three world records. This social innovation aeroplane has the wingspan of an Airbus A340: 63.40m; the weight of a family car, 1600 kg; and finally, the power of a scooter: four 10 HP electric engines.

The Solar Impulse’s HB-SIA prototype presents social innovation construction features at its best, along with an aerodynamic quality never seen till now. The elements of this aircraft including the carbon fibre structure, the propulsion chain and flight instrumentation have all been designed to save energy as well as to resist the hostile conditions facing the aircraft and pilots at high altitudes.

The two men behind the Solar Impulse initiative are both pioneers, innovators and of course pilots! They are the driving force. Let me introduce you to Bertrand Piccard and Andr Borschberg. Piccard is a psychiatrist and aeronaut who made the first non-stop round-the-world balloon flight. He is the initiator and chairman. Borschberg is an engineer, fighter, professional airplane and helicopter pilot. He is the CEO of this organisation. Together their social innovation vision and entrepreneurial spirit are an ideal combination. They work with a large, talented team comprised of mechanical and aeronautical engineers; physicists; specialists in structures, aerodynamics, design and calculating tools; leading specialists in composite materials; and pilots with a passion for renewable energy. They have all joined forces to finalize the solar airplane’s structure and turn a dream into reality.

Solar Impulse’s ambition is for the world of exploration and innovation to contribute to the cause of renewable energies, to demonstrate the importance of clean technologies for sustainable development and to save natural resources and reduce our dependency on fossil energy. Plus, crucially to place dreams and emotions back at the heart of scientific adventure. French President Nicolas Sarkozy during a speech in June this year said, “Solar Impulse is a reminder that we must think of more energy efficient aircraft solutions right away. Shaping the future of aviation also means creating sustainable aircraft. Solar Impulse clearly shows us that the social innovation of clean technology is the future and the design of its aircraft is a symbol of tomorrow.

Article by Sangeeta Haindl of Justmeans, appearing courtesy 3BL Media.

Related posts:

• Scaling Biofuels for Aviation ‘Not so difficult,’ Branson Says
• Greener Aviation Industry Deemed Feasible for Australia and Region
• What Does Boeing’s SolarEagle Mean for the Future of Green Aviation?
• Bombardier Gets Ahead of the Pack on Climate Change
• Aviation Industry Hangs Its Future on Biofuels

The commercial aviation industry could go from being one of the dirtiest to being one of the cleanest in ten years, according to one of the industry’s best-known figures.

Richard Branson says the world’s 7,000 airlines could switch to low-carbon jet fuels much faster than other forms of transportation because airplanes have very few “filling stations.”

“Unlike cars where there are millions of filling stations, there are only about 1,700 aviation stations in the world. So if you can get the right fuel, like mass-produced algae, then getting it to 1,700 outlets is not so difficult,” Branson said in an interview with The Guardian.

Branson’s Virgin Group, which owns a majority stake in Virgin Atlantic Airways, said the industry should aim for 50% sustainable fuels by 2020.

“Aviation fuel is 25-40% of the running costs of airlines so the industry is open to new fuels,” said Branson, who also heads up the Carbon War Room, an effort to work with and reward businesses that lead reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

Some airlines are way ahead of others in the quest to make biofuels a regular part of the commercial aviation fuel mix. Several European airlines have tested or incorporated low-carbon fuels, as required by the EU program to reduce emissions from the aviation sector. But in North America, in the absence of such laws, progress is much slower.

Last month, Alaska Air chairman and CEO Bill Ayer lauded sustainable biofuels as “key to aviation’s future,” at the start of Alaska Air’s biofuel trial period of 75 regularly-scheduled commercial flights running on a biofuel blend. Alaska was on course to be the first airline in the U.S. to fly a commercial flight powered by biofuel but two days before they were scheduled to do so, United edged out Alaska Air to take the honors.

Unlike Alaska Air, however, United has no immediate plans to procure a long-term supply of biofuels for use in their domestic aviation operations.

Article by Timothy Hurst, appearing courtesy Earth & Industry.

Related posts:

• Lufthansa: Biofuels Could Be Aviation’s Standard in Five Years
• Greener Aviation Industry Deemed Feasible for Australia and Region
• Aviation Biofuels Industry Materializing in Brazil
• With Aviation Biofuel Deals on the Rise, Camelina in the Spotlight
• Aviation Biofuels: Caught Between a Rock and Hard Place

One of the most promising types of raw materials to produce biofuel being researched is algae. Today the technology reaches new heights with United Airlines’ Flight 1403 between Houston and Chicago, The historic flight departs Bush International Airport at 10:25 am CT from terminal C, and lands at Chicago O’Hare at 1:01pm CT, arriving at United’s Terminal 1.

The flight is partially powered with Solazyme’s algae biofuel, making it the first commercial flight powered with algae biofuels. Solajet, the trademark name of the fuel, is a 40/60 blend of algae-based fuel and petroleum-based traditional jet fuel.

Solazyme makes Solajet by turning agricultural waste into algal oil, which is then adapted to produce jet fuel. The company says that over its lifecycle its Solajet reduces emissions by 93 per cent compared with standard jet fuel.

Biofuel made of cooking oil

It’s not only United Airlines that is flying on biofuel, though. Alaska Airlines has announced it will fly 75 commercial passenger flights powered by biofuel starting on Wednesday.

The company will be using 20 percent blend biofuel made from used cooking oil which meets “rigorous international safety and sustainability standards.” Two maiden biofuel-powered flights will leave Seattle on November 9 for Washington, D.C., and Portland in Oregon. Alaska Airlines and its sister carrier, Horizon Air, will continue to operate select flights between Seattle and the two cities over the next few weeks using the same biofuel and blend.

Alaska Air estimates the 20 percent certified biofuel blend it is using for the 75 flights will reduce greenhouse gas emissions by an estimated 10 percent, or 134 metric tons, the equivalent of taking 26 cars off the road for a year. It all Alaska Air flights were powered with the biofuel with a 20 per cent blend, the company estimates it would equal to removing nearly 64,000 cars off the road or providing electricity to 28,000 homes.

Article by Antonio Pasolini, a Brazilian writer and video art curator based in London, UK. He holds a BA in journalism and an MA in film and television.

Related posts:

• Lufthansa: Biofuels Could Be Aviation’s Standard in Five Years
• Virgin Plans Flights Using Fuel from Industrial Waste
• Qantas to Produce the World’s Second Commercial Biofuel Plant
• Scaling Biofuels for Aviation ‘Not so difficult,’ Branson Says
• Lufthansa Will Offer a Local Biofuel Powered Flight in 2011

Virgin Atlantic Airways has announced plans to fly commercial routes using a waste-based, synthetic gas fuel that produces half the carbon emissions of the typical jet fuel.

Using technologies developed by partners LanzaTech and Swedish Biofuels, Virgin says it will capture and chemically treat gas waste from industrial steel production facilities into an ethanol that can be be converted into jet fuel.

The company plans to run test flights in New Zealand within the next 18 months and begin commercial operations in China by 2014.

LanzaTech, a New Zealand-based biotechnology firm, estimates that the process will be able to utilize gas waste from 65 percent of the world’s steel mills.

In addition to using waste that would otherwise be burned, the technology would not rely on agricultural biofuels that could drive up global food costs. “With oil running out, it is important that new fuel solutions are sustainable,” said Richard Branson, president of Virgin Atlantic, “and with the steel industry alone able to deliver over 15 billion gallons of jet fuel annually, the potential is very exciting.”

Article appearing courtesy Yale Environment 360.

Related posts:

• Scaling Biofuels for Aviation ‘Not so difficult,’ Branson Says
• Biofuels Takes Off on Commercial Flights
• LanzaTech Produces Important Chemical Component from Industrial Waste Gases
• Effects of Greenhouse Gases Shown in Pole-to-Pole Research Flights
• Green Jet Fuel Powers Military Flight; Report Examines Camelina

Those who fly or are planning to fly to Europe nowadays will find that there is a heavy tax to pay loosely called environmental fees. European rules forcing all airlines to pay for carbon emissions are within the law, an adviser to Europe’s highest court said on Thursday (October 6), in the latest stage of a bitter battle between the European Union and the aviation industry. From January next year, all airlines will have to buy permits under the EU’s emissions trading scheme (ETS) to help cover the carbon cost of all flights that land or take off in Europe.

Europeans are not calling this a tax, but an “emissions trading scheme.” Whatever the term, the Canada-based International Air Transport Association has estimated that the tax would add $21 to $45 per passenger to fares for flights to Europe from the United States. U.S. airlines estimate that the tax could cost them, or their passengers, up to $3 billion through 2020.

Because there are more non-European aircraft that fly to the continent, the levy would raise more revenue from them than it would raise from European carriers.

“EU legislation does not infringe the sovereignty of other states or the freedom of the high seas guaranteed under international law, and is compatible with the relevant international agreements,” said the opinion from Advocate General Juliane Kokott

The 1997 Kyoto Protocol on combating climate change ruled countries should try to regulate aviation emissions through the industry body International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), but talks with the body have not yielded progress.

The European Union — regarded as the vanguard of efforts to reduce planet-warming emissions — therefore decided to include airlines in addition to factories, power plants and other installations in its carbon trading scheme.

The EU scheme sets a cap on the level of emissions allowed.

Utilities, factories and, from January, airlines that emit carbon above their cap have to buy carbon permits to cover these emissions. If they emit less than their limit, they can sell spare permits from their emission allowances.

Article by Andy Soos, appearing courtesy Environmental News Network.

In addition to NASA's missions in space that amaze the world, our work in aeronautics continues to spur innovation and jobs.

NASA is providing the $1.65 million prize purse for the Comparative Aircraft Flight Efficiency (CAFE) Foundation Green Flight Challenge competition, sponsored by Google, taking place this week outside of Santa Rosa, Calif.

The purse is the largest aviation prize in history and attracted 13 teams, all led by American innovators. Three teams successfully completed aircraft and flight qualification requirements and are competing for the purse. Teams are flying electric and biofueled powered aircraft to prove they have the most fuel efficient, small aircraft in the world.

To win the competition, an aircraft must fly 200 miles in less than two hours and use less than one gallon of fuel per occupant, or the equivalent in electricity.

Why is NASA sponsoring the competition?

NASA-funded prize competitions establish an important goal without having to choose the approach or the team that is most likely to succeed. NASA pays only for results. The competitions highlight excellence in a particular domain of human endeavor to motivate, inspire, and guide others.

NASA prize competitions increase the number and diversity of the individuals, organizations, and teams that are addressing a particular problem or challenge of national or international. They stimulate private sector investment that is many times greater than the cash value of the prize, while furthering NASA's mission by attracting more interest and attention to a defined program, activity, or issue of concern. And they capture the public imagination and change their perception of what is possible.

Aerospace remains a strong component of our national fabric and is the largest positive contributor to our nation’s trade balance. However, this technological leadership position is not a given. To remain the leader in aerospace technology, we must continue to perform research and invest in the people who will create the breakthroughs of tomorrow.

The CAFE Green Flight Challenge, sponsored by Google, may be the birth of a new segment of the aviation industry. This competition represents the dawn of a new era in efficient flight and is the first time that full-scale electric aircraft have performed in competition. The technologies demonstrated by the winning plane may end up in general aviation aircraft, spawning new jobs and new industries for the 21st century.

For photos of the Green Flight Challenge, visit:

http://www.flickr.com/photos/nasahqphoto

Article by Charles Bolden, Administrator of NASA

Related posts:

• Solar-Powered Aircraft Flies At Night, Sets New Records      
• Siemens Promotes Smart Grid Technology Innovation Contest
• NASA Satellite to Study Effects of Solar Energy and Aerosols on Climate
• NASA & Seambiotic To Develop Aviation Microalgae Biofuel Feedstock
• New Plane Design Could Use 70 Percent Less Fuel

Australia’s Jatenergy Limited energy company is to provide crude jatropha oil to Lufthansa for flight trials.

The Lufthansa tests are the world’s first, long-term trial of renewable jet fuel and will be used on Lufthansa’s regularly scheduled flights between Hamburg and Frankfurt.

Jatenergy is providing Lufthansa with 200 tons of crude jatropha oil at $1,000 per ton from its joint venture with PT Waterland International, which was refined into civilian aviation Jet A-1 biojet fuel by Finnish firm Neste Oil, The International Business Times reported.

Jatenergy CEO Phil Hodgson said, “We can’t produce enough jatropha oil at the moment to meet demand. Apart from sales to airlines such as Lufthansa, there is also interest from power generators and traditional biodiesel producers at prices linked to vegetable oils such as palm oil. Palm oil has priced between $1,000-1,250 per ton during 2011, which is around $140-180 per barrel. Our average ex-works production costs for the oil are around $460 per ton, or $65 per barrel.”

Interest in “drop in” biofuels has soared since the the standards group ASTM International recently approved the blending of up to 50 per cent of biofuel with conventional Jet A-1 fuel.

Article by Joao Peixe, appearing courtesy OilPrice.com.

Related posts:

• Lufthansa Will Offer a Local Biofuel Powered Flight in 2011
• Qantas to Produce the World’s Second Commercial Biofuel Plant
• Lufthansa: Biofuels Could Be Aviation’s Standard in Five Years
• Biofuels About to Take Off – Just Not Yet
• China Completes First Biofuel Jet Test Flight

Boeing is a United States-based aerospace and defense corporation founded in 1916. Boeing has a number of business units, including Boeing Defense, Space and Security, Boeing Commercial Airplanes, Boeing Capital, Engineering, Operations and Technology, and the Boeing Shared Services Group. Boeing is one of the largest international aircraft manufacturers and aerospace and defense contractors. Boeing has been involved in a number of clean technology innovations, including jet biofuels and electric propulsion. Here are just a few highlights of what Boeing has done to assist with environmental sustainability.

1) Sustainable Biofuels. Boeing has been very instrument in sharing its sustainable biofuels research as well as solutions throughout the entire industry. Boeing has been focused on providing sustainable biofuels that are produced from multiple renewable energy resources, including algae and do not compete with any water or food crop usage. In 2008, Boeing conducted the very first commercial aviation flight utilizing a blend of traditional kerosene-based fuel with biofuels. The flight was conducted on a Boeing airplane and no modifications were made to it. Boeing has currently invested in much biofuels based research all over the world, including the United States, Europe, Australia, and the Middle East, China and India.

2) Efficient Boeing Air Transportation Systems. Boeing looks to make air traffic management improvements to provide great opportunities in improving fuel-efficiency performance and environmental performance within the air transportation industry. One procedure developed by Boeing is Tailored Arrivals. This allows flight controllers to tailor make flight plans, thereby reducing fuel consumption as well as emissions. Efficient landings means that airplanes spend less time circling the airport in a holding pattern when the area is congested with planes.

3) Chemical Reduction. Boeing is always looking to reduce their use of chemicals in any way possible. For example, Boeing developed an alternative to chrome-based paints that are now used on a number of planes and helicopters. The chrome free paints reduce overall environmental impact and eliminate any need to specially handle paint waste. Boeing is also currently researching ways to eliminate the use of Halon.

4) Looking for Alternative Energy Solutions. Boeing has pioneered a number of advancements in fuel cells, solar cells, and environmentally friendly energy sources in an effort to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and conserve all resources. Boeing’s Energy Solutions Group, researches and develops innovative solutions that can be used to boost the security and efficiency of energy systems on a local, regional and national level. For example, at the end of 2009, Energy Solutions was given three United States government contracts to demonstrate new smart grid technologies, including increasing grid reliability, reducing system demands and cost, and increasing energy efficiency.

5) Boeing Partners with Siemens for Department of Defense Energy Modernization. In August 2011, Boeing created a strategic alliance with Siemens to jointly develop and market new smart grid technologies that would improve energy security and access for the United States Department of Defense, which is the largest consumer of energy throughout the federal government. “This collaboration will make a real difference in how the DOD uses energy,” said Tim Noonan, vice president of Boeing Energy.”For years, Boeing has developed secure, networked systems vital to the nation’s defense, and bringing this capability to the development of energy security and efficiency is vital for the military’s future. Boeing and Siemens’ combined approach will help provide energy independence and critical infrastructure protection to ensure mission success for the U.S. military, at home and abroad.”

6) Boeing Makes Announcement of 100 Percent Renewable Energy Site in South Carolina. In April 2011, Boeing announced that the roof on its South Carolina 787 jet assembly plant is going to be covered in solar panels, providing the opportunity for its entire operation to be powered using only renewable energy. The panels will offer 2.6 megawatts of electrical power, which will be enough for the site. It is said to be the largest solar installation in the Southeast and the sixth largest in the whole nation. “This will be a 100 percent renewable energy site and it’s the first site we have in the world that is making that commitment,” said Jim Albaugh, president and CEO of Boeing Commercial Airplanes.

7) Boeing Won 2006 Contract for Solar Cell Construction. In 2006, Boeing signed a contract to build 600,000 solar concentrator cells for a California-based renewable energy company – SolFocus Inc. “Companies on the cutting edge of the renewable energy revolution come to us because we are the world’s leading manufacturer of solar cells,” said Charles Toups, vice president of engineering for Boeing Space and Intelligence Systems. “Our Spectrolab subsidiary has leveraged its expertise in space photovoltaic products to create solar cells with record-breaking efficiencies for Earth-based applications.” The 12 month contract will see the production of the cells to be used to convert sun into energy for homes and businesses.

8 ) Boeing Looks into Electric Battery Gas Turbine Hybrid Propulsion System. One of Boeing’s latest visions is similar to that of the batteries now being seen in passenger cars…only this answer would be for the aviation industry. Through research and development Boeing is stating that it is possible that by 2035 a 737-sized aircraft could be a reality through the advancements in battery technology. This type of aircraft would emit 65 percent less carbon dioxide emissions, and could easily go up to 80 percent less is biofuels are used rather than kerosene.

9) Boeing Begins Commercial Scale Production of Solar Cells. In 2010, Boeing made the announcement that it would be delivering their first commercial scale, high efficiency solar power cells by January 2011. The photovoltaic cells would have efficiency of up to 39.2 percent. And while the efficiency record as determined by the NREL is at 40 percent, there is no telling if Boeing can get there with some improvements over the next year.

10) Boeing Partners with Stirling Energy Systems. In 2010, Boeing Partnered with Stirling Energy Systems, a solar thermal company, for the development of Boeing’s high-concentration photovoltaic solar power technology. This technology would be more powerful than current photovoltaic solar panels as well as smaller in scale than most solar thermal plants currently being built.

Article by Shawn Lesser, Co-founder & Managing Partner of Atlanta-based Watershed Capital Group – an investment bank assisting sustainable fund and companies raise capital, perform acquisitions, and in other strategic financial decisions. He is also a Co-founder of the GCCA Global Cleantech Cluster Association ”The Global Voice of Cleantech”. He writes for various cleantech publications and is known as the David Letterman of Cleantech for his “Top 10″ series. He can be reached at shawn@watershedcapital.com

Related posts:

• Boeing Shatters Solar Power Record with 39.2% Cell Efficiency
• What Does Boeing’s SolarEagle Mean for the Future of Green Aviation?
• Coming Attractions: CleanTechies Events Highlights
• The Bull is Bullish on CleanTech… So?
• Fuel Cell Startup EnStorage Raises $15M Series B Financing

As rosy fingered dawn touched Pasadena and extended into Santa Monica yesterday morning, we confirmed that the storm had indeed passed: Carmageddon is over.

A brief primer for those not versed in this L.A.-centric version of the apocalypse: about 10 miles of Interstate 405, one of the busiest highways in the country, was closed for construction all weekend. But instead of the epic gridlock of an R.E.M. video, the Los Angeles Times reported that the city’s “car culture took the day off,” on Saturday and, indeed, Sunday as well. The freeway actually opened on Sunday afternoon, well ahead of schedule.

Nevertheless, Carmageddon provided a series of fascinating sideshows. Ever the opportunist, JetBlue Airways last Wednesday announced the sale of $4 tickets ($8 roundtrip) for four special 40-mile flights between the Bob Hope Airport in Burbank and the Long Beach Airport. Call them microflights. This was obviously a publicity ploy and kudos to JetBlue, the airline’s “The 405 Closure? We’re So Over It” campaign attracted national attention. Still, it got us to thinking, what are the impacts of microflights and is there any place for them in our packed megacities?

The long tailpipe of aircraft emissions

Before you conclude that JetBlue committed an environmental crime, consider that the online carbon calculator TerraPass finds that each passenger on the Long Beach to Burbank flight is responsible for 19 pounds of carbon dioxide. That’s less than the carbon footprint of driving the route without any passengers (which assumes, of course, that there is no Carmageddon). Taking the train, on the other hand, emits one-third less carbon than flying, according to these calculations.

Keep in mind also that JetBlue is the second most efficient domestic air carrier, according to a study by the carbon consultancy Brighter Planet, in part because they cram more seats into their jets than most airlines. For the Long Beach to Burbank flights, each flight Airbus A320 will hold 150 coach passengers, a JetBlue spokeswoman told Txchnologist.

Here’s the bad part: Just as cars are much more efficient at highway speeds than in city traffic (hybrids being the exception), aircraft are generally more efficient over long distances. That’s because flying at cruising altitude takes less fuel than taxiing, climbing and descending, which is what JetBlue aircraft on this route will spend most of their time doing. For this reason, carbon calculators like TerraPass almost surely understate the impact of these flights, especially since they are not traveling a regularly scheduled route so carbon calculators are offering pure conjecture.

Crowded highways, crowded skies

Think Southern California’s highways are a disaster? Try the airspace. There are 62 airports in the area serving everything from superjumbos to single engines, making it the busiest airspace in the world. A regular short-haul flight that runs directly through this tangle of thorns would face delays that would make the 405 look like the Tomorrowland Monorail at Disney. Consider also, that if the 250,000 vehicles a day that ply the closed portions of Interstate 405 have a load factor of 1.5, that represents about 375,000 people. It would take 2,500 fully loaded Airbus A320s to haul the same number of people. Only a fraction of these people want to go from Long Beach to Burbank, or vice versa, but this is clearly not doable, no matter how small the number.

What is doable?

As the cycling collective Wolfpack Hustle showed when they beat the JetBlue flight to Long Beach, it’s actually easier to bike across L.A. than to fly. Ditto for transit according to Txchnologist contributor Nick Nigro, a solutions fellow at the Pew Center on Global Climate Change:

“The flight is about 20 minutes between Burbank and Long Beach, and it takes about 60 minutes with [public] transit,” Nigro wrote in an email. “Add all the extra [hassles] associated with going to the airport, getting through security, etc. and it sounds like transit is a winner.”

Article by Matthew Van Dusen, appearing courtesy Txchnologist.

Related posts:

• German Solar Company Enters U.S. Market
• Boom Time for LEED Green Building Ratings
• Ethanol: Remixed
• The Tragic Results of Political Compromise in US Energy Policy
• The Most Important Energy Projects in the World