Editor's Note: This blog introduces readers to Michael J. Robertson, Chief of Staff of the U.S. General Services Administration.

In 2009, when President Obama issued his Executive Order 13514 challenging the Federal Government to lead by example by improving energy, environmental, and economic performance, GSA answered the call. As the federal government's fleet operator, we have leveraged our portfolio to drive cost-saving, fuel efficient initiatives across the federal government. Each year, we have procured thousands of fuel efficient vehicles to replace older, less efficient ones. We also continue to improve management of about two-thirds of the Federal fleet, while directly increasing the fuel efficiency of the vehicles we own and lease to federal agencies— about 210,000 vehicles in total.

In fiscal year 2010, GSA successfully doubled the federal hybrid fleet, without increasing the total number of vehicles overall, resulting in a fleet fuel efficiency improvement equivalent to reducing petroleum consumption by an estimated 7.7 million gallons of gasoline or 385,000 barrels of oil. To build on this, in May we launched our electric vehicle pilot to integrate these advanced vehicles and infrastructure into the federal government fleet for the first time. Last week, GSA delivered the pilot program's first plug-in electric vehicle to the Department of the Navy.

The Department of the Navy has been a leader in energy security and their Chevy Volt will be one of many vehicles incorporated into the electric vehicle fleet.  As vehicles for GSA's electric vehicle pilot begin to roll off the assembly line, we will continue deliveries to the 20 Federal agencies across the country participating in our pilot. As we help agencies move toward the President's goals to reduce petroleum consumption and achieve 100% advanced fuel vehicle purchases by 2015, we are also supporting the President's plan to put one million advanced vehicles on the road by that same date. Annually, the plug-in electric vehicles in our pilot are expected to save nearly 29,000 gallons of gas, reduce GHG emissions by 257 metric tons, and save taxpayer dollars in avoided fuel costs.

In just over two years, we have procured vehicles that were on average nearly 25 percent more fuel-efficient than the vehicles they replaced. Currently, roughly 50 percent of GSA's 210,000 leased vehicles are alternative fuel vehicles. Our commitment doesn't stop here. The President also directed GSA to develop and distribute a Vehicle Allocation Methodology (VAM), a standard way to ensure that each vehicle in an agency's fleet is correctly sized and is appropriate for accomplishing the agency mission. The VAM will help agencies identify opportunities to incorporate alternative fuel vehicles and identify and eliminate unnecessary vehicles from their fleets.

GSA will continue to lead the Federal Government toward more sustainable fleet solutions that cut our petroleum use and save tax payer dollars for a cleaner, more secure energy future.

To learn more on GSA's fleet management initiatives, check out this year's annual GreenGov Symposium, to be held in Washington, D.C. this Monday, October 31st through November 2nd.

Michael J. Robertson is Chief of Staff of the U.S. General Services Administration

Article appearing courtesy White House Blog.

• An Energy Efficiency Leader at the Department of the Navy
• L.A. Air Force Base Will Deploy 100% Electric Vehicle Fleet
• Daimler’s car2go Rental Program to Go Green
• Better Place Brings a New Era of Taxis to San Francisco
• Moving the Navy and Marine Corps Off Fossil Fuels

Now that Toyota’s Prius Plug-in Hybrid has been officially announced, we can begin the comparisons with the other plug-in electric vehicle with an extended driving range, the Chevrolet Volt. The underlying question is which is more important to consumers: electric driving range, or total vehicle fuel efficiency?

The folks at Edmunds.com’s AutoObserver pointed out that the Prius PHEV will earn the right to drive in the HOV lane in California (because of the low total emissions), while Volt owners won’t have that luxury. Conversely, Volt buyers get the full federal tax credit ($7,500) because of the larger battery pack, but Prius PHEV owners get the smaller amount ($2,500). Still, the Prius overall will cost about $2,000 less after you figure in the tax credits.

Winning the hearts and wallets of consumers could come down to one number – but will it be 35 (as in the Volt’s estimated miles of electric range, per the EPA), or will it be 49 (as in the total MPG that the Prius will achieve in hybrid mode)?

At 37 MPG after the batteries are depleted, the Volt ain’t no Hummer or Escalade. And with 14 miles of electric range, the Prius PHEV offers much greater silent driving than the original Prius.

But which vehicle will cost more to drive based on how far you go between charges?

Assuming a gas price of $3.50 and electricity at 11 cents per kilowatt-hour, the Volt’s bigger battery makes it cheaper to operate as long as you drive 70 miles or less between charges. At distances of greater than 70 miles, the Prius PHEVs’ greater fuel economy as a hybrid makes it cheaper to operate.

This is one scenario, and the conclusions may change if the price of gasoline goes up or down, or depending on the cost of electricity in your neighborhood. Also, the calculations for both vehicles assume that the gas engine is not engaged until the full electric driving range is completed, which may not be true depending on driving conditions and driver behaviors.

However, the graph illustrates that for most trips (<70 miles in between charging), primarily driving on electric power makes the Volt cheaper to operate.

John Gartner is a senior analyst at Pike Research and a co-founder of Matter Network.

photo: BrainThought/Wikimedia

Related posts:

• EPA Produces MPG-e Ratings for Plug-in Hybrids
• GM’s Chevrolet Volt — Catching Up With Toyota’s Prius & Nissan’s Leaf
• Toyota Prius: A Hybrid for Every Humor
• Getting a Charge: There’s an App for That
• Gulf Oil Spill Booms to be Recycled in Production of Chevy Volt

Scheduled for a 2012 release date, the V60 is the first diesel plug-in hybrid electric vehicle in the world.

According to Technologic Vehicles, the V60 features three driving modes: Pure (electric only), Hybrid (default mode) and Power, when the engines act together.

It also features a four-wheel drive mode: at the push of a button, the front wheels are driven by the diesel engine while the electric motor drives the rear wheels.

Article by Antonio Pasolini, a Brazilian writer and video art curator based in London, UK. He holds a BA in journalism and an MA in film and television.

Related posts:

• Electric Motor + Diesel Engine = Time for Diesel Hybrids?
• Plugging Electric Drivetrains into Trucks
• BMW Targets 2013 for Entry into the Electric Vehicle Market
• Hybrid and Electric Vehicles Help the Motor City Get Back in Charge
• New U.S. Ratings System Proposed For Vehicle Emissions and Efficiency

We think we know how smart grid technology will change the utility industry. But do we really?

Take a look at this documentary made in 1969. It’s a view of how the world perceived the coming Internet (It’s also a pretty amusing look at how sexist our society still was at that point.)

While the film gets some concepts right, like online banking, it misses the Internet’s most world-changing benefit, the democratization of information — the production, distribution and consumption of data by everyday us, free from gatekeepers.

The film also misses the pizzazz and the fun of the coming Internet. There is no You Tube, no Google, no Wikipedia. And look at the kids. They are playing with physical toys. Why isn’t the Mom yelling at them for being on Facebook all day?

The Internet’s emergence – and our misunderstanding of what it would become – may provide hints about the future of smart grid. After all, many parallels exist between the two.
The Internet offered up democratization of information; smart grid promises democratization of electricity, giving consumers the ability to control at their fingertips power production, distribution and consumption. Indeed, if smart grid’s vision plays out to its fullest, you in essence become the power plant. Your in-home generators produce power that is stored by your plug-in electric vehicle, and your home computer controls the electricity distribution. The end game is energy savings and lower costs.

Some argue that the smart grid revolution will have a more profound impact on how we live than did the Internet. The megawatt, after all, is more powerful then the megabyte. Without the megawatt, the megabyte could not be.

Forty- years ago we had a pretty bland vision of the coming Internet. Had we been worried then about getting people to use the Internet – the way we now worry about getting them to use smart grid devices — we probably would have plumbed the depths of behavioral psychology for strategies. We would have asked: Can we get people to use the Internet if we show them that their neighbors do? How about if we demonstrate to them how much money the Internet will save them? Will they shop on the Internet if we explain to them it is better for the environment than driving to the store?

And, of course, all of that hand-wringing would have been a waste of time. What did it take to get people to use the Internet? Some really smart kids in dorm rooms with bright ideas: Bill Gates, Larry Page, Sergey Brin, Mark Zuckerberg and the like.

The electric power industry needs its own crop of dorm room geniuses that will find ways to make the smart grid irresistible to the consumer. If they emerge, maybe the next generation of parents will be lecturing their kids to get off the kilowatt zapper and go outside and play. After all, you can’t spend your whole day eking energy savings from the house.

Elisa Wood is a long-time energy writer whose work appears in many of the industry’s top magazines and newsletters. She is publisher of the Energy Efficiency Markets podcast and newsletter.

Related posts:

• Victory for Greenpeace as Facebook Un-Likes Coal
• Siemens Promotes Smart Grid Technology Innovation Contest
• U.S. Unveils Programs to Modernize Electric Grid System
• China to Pass U.S. in Smart Grid Investment in 2010, Study Says
• Van Jones Answers Questions on Green Jobs & Energy Efficiency

Of the 12 smart grid projects to win an award as part of the GE Ecomagination Challenge, one in particular caught my attention.

That is GE’s collaboration with Columbia University’s School for Engineering and Applied Science, FedEx Express and Con Edison to take Columbia’s patented Adaptive Stochastic Controller technology for a test run in Manhattan.

Perhaps it’s that Columbia is the only university of the 12 grant winners or a recent conversation I had with a friend about the massive scale of electric vehicle charging infrastructure that is likely to be necessary in the near future, but the blurb about the collaboration in this Sustainable Business article piqued my interest.

The technology, developed by Columbia Engineering’s Roger Anderson and his Smart Grid team, will manage load and power delivery and provide a real time data link between electric vehicle charging stations and Con Edison’s electric distribution management system.

GE will provide $1.1 million in funding as well as expertise and support for the project, which will focus on recharging a fleet of electric delivery vehicles (EDVs) that FedEx will deploy next year.

The stochastic controller technology is described and claimed in Columbia’s U.S. Patent No. 7,395,252 (’252 Patent), which issued in July 2008. The ‘252 Patent’s decidedly non-energy related title is ”Innervated stochastic controller for real time business decision-making support”.

The ‘252 Patent is directed to a controller that optimizes decision-making by training itself using power grid simulations then analyzing grid events and generating planned responses to the events.

The ‘252 Patent describes a Learning System (1400) that includes a reinforcement-learning controller (1002), optional learning matrices (1004) used within a “critic” function (1003) and a model (1006) of a power grid (1600).

The Learning System uses simulation models of the subject power grids to link and analyze specific threat events on the power grid (1600) and generate planned and prioritized responses, while automatically and continuously “learning” during simulation runs.

The Learning System may be configured as a computer-based simulation and training tool that learns “best response scenarios” to these specific events on the grid and can train power control system operators to respond to such events or can act on its own and take automatic control actions.

The Columbia press release explains the technology as follows:

[The] patented Adaptive Stochastic Controller [will] “learn” the energy demands of each truck and coordinate its recharging with Con Edison to make sure the EDVs deliver “on time, every time” at the lowest possible cost while fitting smoothly into Manhattan’s electric-distribution grid. The controller will send commands, such as when to optimally start and stop the charging of both the EDVs and the recharge stations at the delivery depot. The stations will also record and transmit updated information to our complementary Columbia Engineering controller at Con Edison’s Manhattan Electric Control Center to ensure proper grid integration. The Columbia Engineering controller will be able to respond to electric-load-management directives from Con Edison to decrease or increase the current draw from the on-board vehicle inverters and batteries to assure both the stability of the electric grid in the area and the recharge capability of the FedEx Express EDVs.

Some of the other smart grid award winners are OPOWER (energy management systems and software), ClimateWell (efficient appliances), FMC-Tech (intelligent sensor technologies), Soladigm (building efficiency), SustainX (compressed air energy storage), and SynapSense (data center services).

Eric Lane is a patent attorney at Luce, Forward, Hamilton & Scripps in San Diego and the author of Green Patent Blog. Mr. Lane can be reached at elane@luce.com.

Related posts:

• Siemens Promotes Smart Grid Technology Innovation Contest
• The Future of Trucking is Electric
• China to Pass U.S. in Smart Grid Investment in 2010, Study Says
• The Networked Grid — A Greentech Media Conference on the Smart Grid
• U.S. Unveils Programs to Modernize Electric Grid System

Since taking office, President Obama and his Administration have taken unprecedented steps to build a clean energy economy in this country. You may have already read about the events and announcements across the Administration in October on this front. I wanted to highlight a few items from the last couple of weeks:

• Helping Middle Class Families Save on Energy Bills. As part of our efforts to remove barriers standing in the way of a strong and sustainable home energy-efficiency industry, the Vice President announced several new agency initiatives that will help middle-class families save money on their energy bills. 
• Helping Farmers and Small Businesses Reduce Energy Costs. Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack announced $30 million in loans and grants that will generate and save energy for our nation's farmers and rural small businesses for decades to come.  The loans and grants will go to more than 500 farmers, ranchers, and rural businesses for renewable energy and energy efficiency projects across the country. In each case, the projects announced will cut energy costs by 25 to 65 percent, amounting to an estimated 2.9 million kilowatt hours of energy saved. Among other things, this funding will help replace outdated equipment, such as inefficient grain dryers, support energy production from anaerobic digesters, insulate buildings, and allow recipients to incorporate renewable energy technologies into their operations.
• Large Scale Solar Power on Public Lands.  Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar approved a large-scale solar energy project on U.S. public lands in Nevada – a 500-megawatt facility that willprovide electricity to about 150,000 homes and create 1,300 construction jobs and up to 200 permanent operation jobs.  Since early October, the Secretary has approved a total of eight large-scale solar energy projects that combined will generate 3,500 megawatts to power more than 1 million homes and create 6,000 construction jobs and 700 permanent plant operations jobs.
• Cars that Will Run on Compressed Natural Gas. Secretary of Energy Steven Chu announced an offer of a nearly $50 million conditional loan commitment that will support the development of the six-passenger MV-1, a factory-built wheelchair accessible vehicle that will run on compressed natural gas.  The Vehicle Production Group estimates that the project is expected to create over 900 jobs and that it will produce approximately 22,650 vehicles per year when at full capacity.
• Greening the Federal Supply Chain. General Services Administrator Martha Johnson and White House Council on Environmental Quality Chair Nancy Sutley recently announced a collaboration between the federal government and vendors and suppliers to create a greener and more efficient supply chain.
• Modernizing Our Electric Grid and Powering Electric Cars. Cathy Zoi, the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy at the Department of Energy, took part in a ribbon cutting at the first public curbside electric vehicle charging station here in the nation’s capital.  The Department of Energy also awarded $19 million, as part of a public-private investment of more than $30 million, for five projects to increase reliability, efficiency and security of our nation’s electric grid. 

Article by Chris Lu, Assistant to the President and Cabinet Secretary

Related posts:

• Where to Find Jobs in Energy Efficiency
• White House To Host Clean Energy Manufacturing Forum
• Forum on Federal Leadership in Sustainable Building
• Winning the Clean Energy Future in Communities Across America
• The Recovery Act: Laying the Foundation for a Clean Energy Economy

As the electric vehicle market expands, the biggest names in automobile manufacturing are drawn towards adapting some of their latest models to the plug instead of gasoline. While Japan has had little issue with creating entire lines of hybrid and electric vehicles, some of Europe’s biggest names have been taking their time. For example, Audi, Mercedes Benz, and Volkswagen have announced a variety of electric, hydrogen, and hybrid vehicles in the last couple of years though few are near a major release. BMW seems to be taking an even steadier approach, preferring to keep most of the electric concepts just that: concepts. However, no long content with merely making concepts, BMW’s electric department is preparing to unleash their own special brand of electric vehicles on the market and they are hoping to do it as soon as possible.

According to a statement released by the German automotive company last week, BMW plans to invest nearly $550 million into electric cars that would be slated for release by 2013. A large portion of the funds are going into the expansion of their newest factory located in Leipzig, Germany, which will make the factory the first in Germany to mass produce battery powered electric vehicles. While the exact types of electric cars that will be built at the plant are unknown, BMW has announced that they will begin manufacturing their Megacity model at a nearby factory.

The BMW Megacity is one of BMW’s most publicized electric vehicle projects since concepts were released and rumors began to circulate some time ago. Now, with the projected release date of 2013 in mind, BMW has been more forthcoming with details about the car. The four door sedan is meant to be one of BMW’s more affordable electric cars with a potential price similar to that of the Nissan LEAF, though many believe the price tag will end up being a little higher. BMW has also said that they are planning on making it match, if not exceed, an electric equivalent of roughly thirty five miles per gallon.

Aside from their Megacity electric vehicle, BMW also has plans for several hybrid and electric sports cars. The Vision EfficientDynamics Concept car, BMW’s latest concept, is an all carbon fiber sports car that will marry a diesel engine with electric components. While the all electric range of the Vision concept is a mere thirty one miles, BMW has said that the total range is over 400 miles when using both diesel and electric power. The car is expected to have over 320 horsepower once it has been completed and BMW has said that will emit roughly 70% less carbon emissions than their M6 model, which has similar performance.

In the end, we will have to wait until 2013 to see if our wait for BMW’s electric vehicles will be worth it. If anything, BMW is excited about their jump into the market and they believe that their vehicles could end up being the future for electric vehicle drivers.

Article by Richard Cooke, appearing courtesy Justmeans.

Related posts:

• BMW Shakes Hands With Peugeot Citroen to Make Green Vehicle Components
• Nissan Highlights New Electric Vehicle Plans with the New Mobility
• Tesla Promises an Electric SUV Model After Their Sedan Hits Markets
• The Green GT is the Latest in Electric Vehicle Racing
• Russia Announced Her First Electric Vehicle Hybrid

Between the recent 2010 Australian International Motor Show and the upcoming 2010 LA Auto Show, electric vehicle enthusiasts are a-flutter with the electric concept cars offered up by two major manufacturers.

Nissan, which only recently made headlines by revealing the LEAF, the most affordable electric cars on the market, stunned EV-lovers by announcing its entry into the 2010 LA Auto Show: the Nissan iV (pictured above).

The design features a super-lightweight construction that showcases “organic synthetics” and an interwoven organic frame supported by a chassis based on fast-growing ivy and reinforced with spider silk composite (via Greenwala).

This news comes just days after Mitsubishi finished dazzling audiences at the 2010 Australian International Motor Show with it’s electric concept car; the i-MiEV Sport (pictured below). The concept design builds on features seen in the i-MiEV electric vehicle released in Australia in August, but expands them to offer more environmental and performance benefits.

The design might seem cute and compact, but it’s hiding a powerful electric propulsion system inside. Ecoseed writes:

The lithium-ion battery-powered, all-wheel drive coupe utilises in-wheel motors at the front and a third motor driving the rear wheels, all controlled by the S-AWC (Super All Wheel Control) vehicle dynamics system. It promises genuine sporting capabilities via 680Nm of torque with a body weight of just 970 kilograms, packaged in a light rigid aluminium space frame.

The range of the coupe is 200 kilometres on a single charge, augmented by photovoltaic solar cells mounted in the roof and a power generating fan mounted in the front grille. Additional power comes from bright power-saving LED lighting, regenerative braking functions, heat-absorbing window glass and Mitsubishi’s unique plant-based Green Plastic resin technology.

With so much auto industry interest in electric vehicles, it might seem like we’re close to achieving the dream of a plug-in transportation system. But if there is any chance for electric vehicles (EVs) to take up anything more than a sliver of the global automobile market, the federal government needs to introduce electric car legislation to get things moving in the right direction (and keep them moving).

Article by Beth Buczynski, appearing courtesy Crisp Green.

Related posts:

• BMW Targets 2013 for Entry into the Electric Vehicle Market
• Thorium Lasers: The Thoroughly Plausible Idea for Nuclear Cars
• Imagine If All Cars Were Electric Cars
• Switching an Electric Car Battery in About One Minute
• China Makes Green Cars a Priority; UK Firm Eyes Wireless Car-Charging

General Motors is prepping for the year-end release of the Chevrolet Volt by supporting the rollout of charging infrastructure. The company selected automotive supplier SPX Service Solutions as its partner for residential EV charging equipment (known as EVSE). The charger is priced at $490, or less than half of what most competitors will offer.

Installation will cost approximately $1,500. SPX is a well-connected supplier to most automotive OEMs, which may have influenced GM’s selection of the company instead of one of the established EVSE companies such as AeroVironment, Ecotality, or Coulomb Technologies.

GM is also setting up a charging infrastructure throughout its home state of Michigan through partnerships with DTE Energy. Approximately 4,400 Volt buyers will receive free charging equipment thanks to grants from the U.S.Department of Energy.

GM also has sky-high aspirations to include solar power in the mix of its EV charging. The automaker will install Solar Tree combination solar arrays and charging equipment at its Warren Technical Center and Milford Proving Ground. The Solar Trees are 27 x 36 feet photovoltaic arrays that can cover up to 6 parking spots, according to Desmond Wheatley, the president and COO of Envision Solar, the manufacturer.

The Solar Trees have a tracking mechanism that increases the capture of solar energy by angling the panels according to the movements of the sun. The company also offers a transportable unit that covers one vehicle. Wheatley says that not only can the panels provide enough energy per day (8-10 kWh) to power a vehicle, but also the shade provided by the array reduces the amount of energy required to cool the vehicle’s batteries before charging can take place.

Envision Solar integrates EV charging equipment from vendors including Coulomb Technologies and Ecotality (but not SPX, which Wheatley says is focused on the residential market) with its Solar Trees. The Solar Tree does not deliver power directly to the vehicles, but sends it to the grid, and the customers will “net out” the difference from the energy consumed by the vehicle.

Envision Solar also has an option which integrates a battery system to store up to 10 kWh of energy for later use. Energy storage enables the Solar Trees to be “islanded” from the grid and provide power to the vehicles in the event of a blackout. Envision Solar uses lead acid batteries from companies including Axion Power.

Using solar power (or at least its net impact) for EV charging is desirable to eco-conscious EV owners, and we’re likely to see many more solar charging systems in the near future. The addition of batteries would enable charging without impacting the grid, something that EVSE company AeroVironment is also developing. This would be of even greater benefit to fast DC charging equipment, which could use cheap off-peak energy to charge vehicles at any time without impacting the grid.

Article by John Gartner, appearing courtesy Matter Network.

Related posts:

• Vermont Gets Surge of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations
• Chevy Volt Attracting Chevrolet Newbies
• GE to Buy 25,000 Electric Vehicles
• GM’s Chevrolet Volt — Catching Up With Toyota’s Prius & Nissan’s Leaf
• Getting a Charge: There’s an App for That

As we reach the end of this year and the beginning of the next, the United States is bracing itself for the impending release of several new, mass produced electric vehicles. With so many models slated to roll out, each manufacturer is scrambling to prove why their electric vehicle is the one you should choose. For CODA, an independent electric vehicle manufacturer, the argument is an easy one to make. After all, according to CODA, their car is the first electric car you can count on.

Set to released later in 2011, the CODA Sedan is going to be one of this country’s first mass produced all electric vehicles. The CODA has a 134 horsepower, lithium-ion phosphate battery powered engine with the promised performance of an average sedan of normal fossil fuel build. The battery sits roughly around 33.8 kilowatts and CODA promises it can be charged to the maximum capacity in as little as six hours. On a full charge, the minimum range of the CODA should be between 90-120 miles depending on the type of driving being undertaken. Considering the range of most other electric cars tends to hover around 100 miles, the CODA is fitting well in that area while also offering a bit of extra mileage for someone just looking at numbers.

One of the features that CODA seems to be most proud of in their electric vehicle is the Battery Management System. According to the company, the system constantly monitors the car’s driving performance in relation to the amount of power stored in the batteries to provide a real time estimate of the vehicle’s current range. Everything you do in regards to the car’s performance is calculated in and fed to a screen on the dashboard that keeps the driver apprised of the vehicle’s current charge situation much in the same way that a gas gauge or miles per gallon counter works on most cars. The Battery Management System is also supposed to be able to regulate the battery’s power usage to unsure that it is always operating at maximum efficiency and no power is squandered while on the road.

The interior of the CODA has been designed to offer most of the comforts in an electric vehicle that any fossil fuel vehicle would have. A series of touch screens contain the radio, multimedia music player, navigation systems, as well as a hands free Bluetooth phone system. CODA has also emphasized that their unique Green **** shifter makes selecting from your four necessary gears as simple as any car could provide.

The CODA Sedan certainly seems to hold a lot of promise for an electric vehicle that could be in many American driveways as early as next year. Whether it will beat out the release of vehicles like the LEAF or Volt remains to be seen, but CODA could remain a true contender.

Article by Richard Cooke, appearing courtesy Justmeans.

Related posts:

• Tesla Promises an Electric SUV Model After Their Sedan Hits Markets
• iPhone App Simulates Electric Car Experience
• New Electric Car in Israel Includes Battery Swap Subscriptions
• EV Industry Recovery Funds Not Stimulating — Yet
• Nissan Highlights New Electric Vehicle Plans with the New Mobility