The variability of cloud patterns is a problem for solar power capturing, especially for larger solar farm operations. If grid operators could forecast or predict these changes before they occur, they would be in a better position to manage load on their grids.

Researchers at Sandia National Laboratories looked into the problem and came up with a new system to monitor how clouds affect large-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) power plants.

The sensors observe cloud shape, size and movement in order to provide a way for utility companies to predict and prepare for fluctuations in power output due to changes in weather. The resulting models will give utility companies data to assess potential power plant locations, ramp rates and power output.

“Clouds can cause a PV plant to change from full power to about 20% of full power in a relatively short period of time, which depends on the size and layout of the plant and the type and velocity of the clouds”, researcher Josh Stein told Energy Refuge.

“Currently, with solar plants accounting for a very small fraction of generation on most electrical grids these changes do not cause any problems for grid operators. However, if solar penetration levels increase in the future, as they likely will, such variability will pose problems for grid operators. A fast change in generation from cloud transients will need to be balanced by other sources of generation to balance load”, he added.

The researchers’ work is currently focused at the 1.2-megawatt La Ola Solar Farm on the Hawaiian island of Lana’i. La Ola is the state’s largest solar power system, and can produce enough power to supply up to 30 per cent of the island’s peak electric demand, which is one of the highest rates of solar PV power penetration in the world. The high penetration of PV power on Lana’i, combined with the sun and cloud mix at the 10-acre La Ola plant, provided the researchers with the ideal environment for prediction and modeling research.

Research could not interfere with the ongoing operations of the plant, which currently sells power to Maui Electric Company (MECO), so Sandia engineers connected 24 small, nonintrusive sensors to the plant’s PV panels and used a radio frequency network to transmit data. The sensors took readings at one-second intervals to provide researchers with unprecedented detail about cloud direction and coverage activity. A radio frequency transmission system has the added benefit of being portable.

“The sensor network in Lanai is providing information about how large PV plants respond to spatially variable irradiance due to cloud shadows in Hawaii. Sandia is working with its industry partner, SunPower Corp., to deploy a larger sensor network at another location early in 2011. If this deployment proves successful, perhaps commercial applications will be identified”, said Josh.

Article by Antonio Pasolini, a Brazilian writer and video art curator based in London, UK. He holds a BA in journalism and an MA in film and television.

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U.S. researchers have demonstrated a technology that uses the sun’s heat to convert carbon dioxide and water into the building blocks of traditional fuels, a reverse combustion process that may emerge as a practical alternative to sequestration of CO2 emissions from power plants.

The prototype “Sunshine to Petrol” system, developed by Sandia National Laboratories in New Mexico, uses concentrated solar energy to trigger a thermo-chemical reaction in an iron-rich composite located inside a two-sided cylindrical chamber.

The iron oxide is designed to lose an oxygen molecule when exposed to 1,500 degree C heat, and then retrieve an oxygen molecule when it is cooled down, essentially converting an incoming supply of CO2 into an outgoing stream of carbon monoxide.

Additionally, when researchers pump water into the chamber rather than CO2, the machine produces hydrogen. Combining those retrieved gases — hydrogen and carbon monoxide — they are able to create syngas, which can be used as a fuel.

While researchers say the technology likely will not be ready for market for 15 to 20 years, it could one day become a practical way to recycle CO2.

“It’s a productive utilization of CO2 that you might capture from a coal plant, a brewery, and similar concentrated sources,” said James Miller, a Sandia chemical engineer.

Article appearing courtesy of Yale Environment 360

[photo credit: Sandia National Labs]

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